零基础英语语法通关教程

从「单词认识一堆、句子拼不出来」到「稳过四级」—— 一张地图、18 个章节、几十张时间轴和决策树,把时态和语法一次理清楚。

📚 18 章 · 由浅入深🖼️ 30+ 图表 · 时间轴⏰ 16 时态一网打尽⚔️ 8 张易混对比卡🚑 四级易错急救包📅 21 天通关计划

🎯 专为你设计:你已经背了几千个单词,但一写句子就时态混乱、语序错乱、从句懵圈。这不是你笨,而是没人给过你一张「语法全景地图」——单词是砖,语法是图纸,这份教程就是把图纸画给你看。

0学习路线:为什么你的语法总是记不住?先看这章

0.1 先诊断:你的三个"病根"

🧩 病根一:知识点是散的

时态、从句、非谓语……一个个孤立地背,像一堆没装进柜子的衣服,当然一用就乱。
药方:先搭框架——本教程按「骨架 → 心脏 → 血管」的顺序搭好整栋楼。

⏰ 病根二:时态靠背中文

"现在完成时 = have done"这样背,三天就忘。时态本质是时间轴上的图像,不是公式。
药方:每个时态都画成时间轴,先"看见"它,再记公式。

✍️ 病根三:没有"守门员"

一写长句就多个动词、缺成分,是因为缺一条铁律来检查句子。
药方:全书第一定律(见第1章),写完句子数动词,一秒定位错误。

0.2 本教程怎么用(三步循环)

① 看图理解

每个语法点先用图/时间轴/色标例句建立画面,看懂再往下。

② 抄公式口诀

蓝色公式框、紫色口诀框,当天抄一遍。口诀是给忘的时候兜底的。

③ 做随堂小测

每章末尾有小测,点击"查看答案"对答案。错了就跳回对应小节,这是记得住的关键。

💡 建议节奏:第 1–8 章是地基(词性→句型→名词冠词→介词→动词),每天 1–2 章;第 9 章时态是全书心脏,至少留 3 天,反复看时间轴和对比卡;第 12–15 章是从句等高阶内容;第 16 章考前急救,第 17 章给你 21 天计划表。

0.3 四级到底考哪些语法?(把力气花在刀刃上)

四级题型	背后考的语法	重点章节
📖 仔细阅读 · 长难句	三大从句、非谓语动词、倒装、分隔结构	第 12、13、15 章
✍️ 翻译(段落)	时态、被动语态、非谓语、主谓一致、情态动词	第 9、10、11、12、15 章
📝 写作	五大句型、从句(提升句式)、虚拟语气、强调句	第 2、13、14 章
🎧 听力	时态信号词、情态动词表推测(must / can't have done)	第 9、11 章
🔤 选词填空	词性判断(名/动/形/副)、动词变形	第 1、8 章

📌 结论:四级语法的命根 = 时态 + 非谓语 + 从句。这三块学透,语法分基本拿满。

0.4 全书统一色标(看颜色 = 认成分)

全书所有例句都按同一套颜色标注成分。学几章之后,你看到颜色就能反应出成分,长难句自动"解码"。

主语 Subject谓语动词 Verb宾语 Object表语 Predicative状语 Adverbial定语 Attributive补语 Complement

The little girl happily gave her mother a beautiful gift in the room.

↑ 这个小女孩开心地在房间里给了她妈妈一份漂亮的礼物。(现在看不懂没关系,学完第 1 章你就能拆)

1词性与句子成分:盖楼先认砖一切的地基

1.1 十大词类:每个单词都有"岗位"

把英语想成一家公司,单词就是员工,词性就是岗位。句子出错的根源,九成是"岗位安排错了"。

词类	缩写	干什么(岗位)	例子
名词 noun	n.	人或事物的"名字"	teacher, water, happiness
动词 verb	v.	表示动作或状态(句子的心脏)	run, be, love
形容词 adjective	adj.	给名词"上妆",说明它什么样	beautiful, tall, useful
副词 adverb	adv.	给动作/形容词"加细节"	quickly, very, here
代词 pronoun	pron.	代替名词,避免重复	he, it, them, mine
介词 preposition	prep.	表示时间、地点、关系	in, on, at, with
连词 conjunction	conj.	连接词与句	and, but, because, if
冠词 article	art.	名词的"帽子"(就这 3 个)	a, an, the
数词 numeral	num.	数量与顺序	one, hundred, first
感叹词 interjection	int.	表达情绪	wow, oh, well

口诀:「名动形副代,介连冠数感」—— 按考试出现频率排序,前五个必须滚瓜烂熟。

1.2 最容易搞混的一对:形容词 vs 副词

⚠️ 一条铁律:形容词修饰名词,副词修饰动词/形容词/整句。中文都用"地/的"糊弄过去,英语分得很清。

He is a careful driver. (careful 修饰名词 driver,用形容词)

He drives carefully. (carefully 修饰动作 drives,用副词)

❌ 特例陷阱:look / sound / feel / smell / taste / become 这些"系动词"后面接形容词!
✅ He looks tired.(他看起来很累) ❌ He looks tiredly.
记忆:这类词像 be 动词,后面是"描述主语怎么样",不是修饰动作。

1.3 八大句子成分:句子里的"职务"

词性是单词的岗位,成分是单词在句子里担任的职务。同一个词可以任不同职(如 water 作名词"水",也可作动词"浇水")。核心 8 个:

成分	一句话理解	例句中是谁
主语 Subject	动作的"谁/什么"(名词、代词担任)	The little girl
谓语 Verb	句子的心脏,那个动词本身	gave
宾语 Object	动作的承受者(动作给到"谁/什么")	her mother / a gift
表语 Predicative	跟在系动词(be/look…)后,说明主语"是什么/怎么样"	She is a nurse.
定语 Attributive	名词的"修饰语",翻译成"……的"	beautiful gift
状语 Adverbial	修饰动词/整句:时间、地点、方式、原因	happily / in the room
补语 Complement	补足宾语/主语的身份、状态	We call him a hero.
同位语 Appositive	给前面的名词"贴个说明标签"	Tom, my friend, is here.

💡 快速判断法:问"谁/什么干的?"→ 主语;"干了啥?"→ 谓语;"干给谁?"→ 宾语;"什么样的名词?"→ 定语;"什么时候/在哪/怎么干的?"→ 状语。

1.4 语法第一定律(全书最重要的一句话)

🔬 一个简单句 = 有且只有一个谓语动词

这句话是你以后检查一切句子错误的钥匙。两个动作想同时出现?只有三条路:

路线① 降级(非谓语)

第二个动词戴上"帽子"变成 to do / doing / done。
❌ I want learn English.
✅ I want to learn English.

路线② 连词分家

用 and / but / because 等把两个句子合法连起来。
✅ I opened the door and looked in.

路线③ 送进从句

整句降级当零件(定语/宾语/状语从句),第 13 章详讲。
✅ The man who lives next door is a doctor.

⚠️ 写完句子先数动词:句子里有几个动词?留一个当谓语,其余的要么戴帽子(非谓语),要么找组织(连词/从句)。四级翻译和写作 80% 的语法扣分都栽在这一条上。

✏️ 第 1 章小试牛刀

She finished her homework ____(quick / quickly).
查看答案
quickly。修饰动词 finished(怎么完成的),用副词。
找出谓语:My brother and I often play basketball after school.
查看答案
play 是谓语。after 是介词不是动词;"often / after school"都是状语;My brother and I 是并列主语。
改错:I am agree with you.
查看答案
✅ I agree with you. agree 本身是动词,句中已是谓语,不能再套 be(否则出现两个谓语)。
改错:He made me to laugh.
查看答案
✅ He made me laugh. make/let/have + 宾语 + 动词原形(第 12 章详讲)。这里 laugh 已"降级",不加 to。
改错:Although he is rich, but he is not happy.
查看答案
✅ Although he is rich, he is not happy. 或 He is rich, but he is not happy. although 与 but 中文里成对,英语中只能留一个(中式英语头号错误,第 13 章详讲)。

2五大基本句型:英语句子只有 5 种骨架四级写作地基

英语句子千变万化,但把修饰成分剥掉,骨架只有 5 种。以后看长难句、写作文,心里都要默念这 5 个骨架。

2.1 句型一:S + V(主谓)—— "谁 + 干嘛"

谓语是不及物动词(动作自己就能说完,不需要"承受者")。

Birds fly. 鸟会飞。　　He smiled quietly. 他静静地笑了。

2.2 句型二:S + V + O(主谓宾)—— "谁 + 干 + 什么"

最常见,约九成句子是这个。谓语是及物动词(动作需要一个对象)。

I love English. 我爱英语。　　We have finished the work.

2.3 句型三:S + V + P(主系表)—— "谁 + 是/显得 + 怎么样"

系动词像一座桥,把主语和"描述主语的词"连起来。

She is a teacher. 她是老师。　　The soup smells good. 汤闻起来很香。

系动词家族	成员	例句
纯系动词	be (am/is/are/was/were)	He is happy.
感官类	look, sound, taste, smell, feel	The idea sounds great.
变化类	become, get, turn, go, grow	Leaves turn yellow in autumn.
保持类	keep, stay, remain	Please keep quiet.
似乎类	seem, appear	He seems tired.

💡 判断技巧:系动词前后说的是"同一个东西/同一种状态"(She = a teacher)。后面接形容词或名词,不接副词(第 1 章的陷阱)。

2.4 句型四:S + V + 人 + 物(主谓双宾)—— "给谁什么东西"

My uncle gave me a watch. 舅舅给了我一块手表。

give sb sth = give sth to sb　·　buy sb sth = buy sth for sb

常见双宾动词:givesendshowtellteachbuybringlendpassoffer

2.5 句型五:S + V + O + C(主谓宾补)—— "把谁弄得怎么样"

We call him Tom. 我们叫他汤姆。　　The news made everyone happy. 这消息让所有人开心。

常见宾补动词:makecallnamekeepfindleaveconsiderthinksee elect

2.6 双宾 vs 宾补:一秒分辨

🟦 双宾:gave me a watch

"me"和"a watch"是两个不同的东西(给出去的东西不等于我)。

me ≠ a watch → 双宾

🟪 宾补:call him Tom

"him"和"Tom"是同一个东西(汤姆就是他)。在中间加个 be 试试:"him is Tom" 语义通 → 宾补。

him = Tom → 宾补

2.7 组合拳:复杂句 = 5 大骨架 + 定状装饰

四级阅读的长难句,吓人但拆掉装饰后就是五大句型之一:

The tall boy in blue quickly passed the ball to me in the game.

剥掉装饰 → 核心骨架:The boy passed the ball(主谓宾)。再长的句子也一样:先找"谁+干+什么"的主干。

口诀:「主谓、主谓宾、主系表,再加双宾和宾补,定状都是装饰品」

✏️ 第 2 章小试牛刀(判断句型)

The soup tastes delicious.
查看答案
主系表(tastes 系动词 + delicious 表语)。
My aunt bought me a new phone.
查看答案
主谓双宾(me 间接宾语,a new phone 直接宾语;me ≠ phone)。
We found the room empty.
查看答案
主谓宾补(the room = empty,"房间是空的",同一事物)。
改错:The flowers look beautifully.
查看答案
✅ The flowers look beautiful. look 是系动词,后接形容词。
把 "He sent me an email." 改写成 send sth to sb 的形式。
查看答案
He sent an email to me. give/send/show/tell 类接 to;buy/make 类接 for。

3名词:可数不可数,复数怎么变选词填空必考

3.1 可数 vs 不可数:先分家再谈复数

🧮 可数名词

能一个一个数,有单复数之分,前面能加 a/one/two。

a book → two books;an apple → three apples

🌊 不可数名词

像水一样没法数"个",没有复数,前面不能加 a/one。

water, money, time, love, information

❌ 中英文"可数"不对齐!下面这些中文里能数、英语里不可数(四级选词填空反复考):
furniture(家具)、luggage(行李)、equipment(设备)、homework(作业)、information(信息)、advice(建议)、news(消息)、progress(进步)、money(钱)、bread(面包)、paper(纸)、traffic(交通)

⚠️ 想表达"几条/几件"怎么办?用「a + 量词 + of」:
a piece of news / advice / information(一条消息/建议)
a cup of tea,a bag of rice,a set of furniture
复数加在量词上:two pieces of advice ✅(advice 永远不加 s)

💡 有些名词可数/不可数意思不同:paper 纸 / a paper 一份报纸·论文;room 空间 / a room 房间;work 工作 / a work 一件作品;time 时间 / a time 一次;glass 玻璃 / a glass 玻璃杯;chicken 鸡肉 / a chicken 一只鸡。

3.2 规则变化:5 条流水线

规则	例子
① 一般 + s	book→books, dog→dogs
② s / x / ch / sh / z 结尾 + es	bus→buses, box→boxes, watch→watches, dish→dishes
③ 辅音字母 + y → 变 y 为 i 加 es(元音+y 直接+s)	city→cities, baby→babies;boy→boys, key→keys
④ f / fe → ves	leaf→leaves, knife→knives, life→lives, wife→wives, half→halves
⑤ o 结尾:有生命 + es,无生命/外来词 + s	tomato→tomatoes, potato→potatoes, hero→heroes;photo→photos, piano→pianos, radio→radios, zoo→zoos

口诀:「英雄爱吃土豆西红柿」→ -o 结尾要加 es 的高频词就这几个:heroes / potatoes / tomatoes(其余多数直接 +s)。
④ 的叛徒:roof→roofs, belief→beliefs, chief→chiefs(直接+s,四级爱考)。

3.3 不规则变化:分组记忆

组别	单词
a → e 型	man→men, woman→women, policeman→policemen
oo → ee 型	foot→feet, tooth→teeth, goose→geese
特殊变形	child→children, mouse→mice, ox→oxen, person→people
单复数同形	sheep, deer, fish, means, species, Chinese, Japanese(两只 sheep,不是 sheeps!)
只有复数	people, police, cattle, clothes, trousers, scissors, glasses(眼镜)
长得像复数其实是单数	news, maths, physics(学科), the United States(The news is good.)

⚠️ 集体名词 family / class / team / audience / government:看意思定单复——当成整体用单数,强调成员用复数。
My family is big.(家庭这个整体)　My family are all watching TV.(家人们各自在看)

3.4 名词所有格:"……的"

形式	用法	例子
名词 + 's	有生命的名词	Tom's bag;children's books(不规则复数仍加 's)
复数以 s 结尾 → 只加 '	复数名词	the students' dorm;Teachers' Day 教师节
of + 名词	无生命的名词	the leg of the table;the door of the classroom
双重所有格	of + 's 结构	a friend of mine; a friend of my father's(我父亲的一位朋友)
时间、距离也可用 's	四级翻译高频	today's newspaper 今天的报纸;ten minutes' walk 十分钟的路程

✏️ 第 3 章小试牛刀

改错:She gave me some good advices.
查看答案
✅ some good advice。advice 不可数,永不加 s。"两条建议"= two pieces of advice。
There are three ______(woman doctor)in the hospital.
查看答案
women doctors。man/woman 修饰名词时,两个词一起变复数(这是特殊规则)。
Mum, I need two more ______(knife).
查看答案
knives。f/fe 结尾变 ves。
翻译:我家离车站十分钟的路程。
查看答案
My home is ten minutes' walk from the station. 时间/距离所有格,s 结尾只加 '。
改错:The police is looking for the thief.
查看答案
✅ The police are looking...。police 是只有复数的名词(同理 people、cattle)。

4冠词:a / an / the 三顶帽子翻译写作必错点

冠词就 3 个,却是中国学生最"凭感觉"的地方。记住核心思想:冠词 = 告诉听者"这个名词你熟不熟"。

4.1 a 还是 an?—— 看发音,不看字母

an + 元音音素开头的词　·　a + 辅音音素开头的词

✅ an(发音以元音开头)	✅ a(发音以辅音开头)
an hour(h 不发音)	a university(ju: 辅音开头)
an honest man(h 不发音)	a European country(ju: 开头)
an MBA(读作 em)	a one-way street(w 开头)

4.2 一棵决策树:该戴哪顶帽子?

图 4-1 冠词决策树:特指 → the;泛指可数单数 → a/an;泛指复数/不可数 → 零冠词

4.3 零冠词高频清单(不加冠词的场合)

泛指的复数、不可数名词:Children love games. / Knowledge is power.
三餐:have breakfast / lunch / dinner(有形容词时可加:a big dinner)
球类运动(对比:乐器加 the):play basketball / football ⚡ play the piano / violin
语言、学科:speak Chinese, study math
by + 交通工具:by bus / by car / by plane / on foot
称呼、头衔前:Doctor Wang, Uncle Tom

⚠️ 经典辨析(英式用法,四级爱考):
go to school 去上学(去干学生的本职能)
go to the school 去学校(去这个地方,如开家长会)
同类:go to bed 睡觉 / go to the bed 走向床边;in hospital 住院 / in the hospital 在医院里。

❌ out of question(毫无疑问,已罕用)≠ out of the question(不可能)——一字之差意思相反,真题考过!

✏️ 第 4 章小试牛刀

It took me ______ hour to finish the work.
查看答案
an。hour 的 h 不发音,以元音音素 /aʊ/ 开头。
The Yangtze is ______ longest river in China.
查看答案
the。最高级前必须加 the。
改错:My sister is learning to play piano.
查看答案
✅ play the piano。乐器前加 the(球类运动不加)。
We had ______ wonderful dinner at that restaurant.
查看答案
a。dinner 前有形容词 wonderful 修饰时,要加 a。
______ are good for your health. (A. Vegetable　B. Vegetables　C. The vegetable)
查看答案
B。泛指一类事物用复数、零冠词。

5代词:一张表解决人称,一组对比解决不定代词听力阅读常客

5.1 人称代词全家福(全书必背表)

人称	主格 (当主语)	宾格 (当宾语)	形容词性物主 (必须接名词)	名词性物主 (独立使用)	反身代词 (……自己)
我	I	me	my	mine	myself
你/你们	you	you	your	yours	yourself/yourselves
他	he	him	his	his	himself
她	she	her	her	hers	herself
它	it	it	its	its	itself
我们	we	us	our	ours	ourselves
他们	they	them	their	theirs	themselves

口诀:「形容词性像衣服,必须搭配名词;名词性脱了衣服独立站」—— mine = my + 名词。
This is my bag. / This bag is mine. / a friend of mine(双重所有格)

5.2 it 的五大用法(小词大用)

指物、动物:I have a cat. It is cute.
指天气、时间、距离:It is raining. / It's 8 o'clock. / It's 3 kilometers away.
指身份不明的人:— Who is knocking? — It's me.
形式主语 / 形式宾语(★四级写作高频):
It is important to learn English.(真正主语是 to learn English,先让 it 占位)
I find it hard to get up early.(真正宾语后置)
强调句:It is Tom that/who broke the window.(第 15 章详讲)

5.3 that/those 替代法(四级阅读翻译必会)

The weather in the south is warmer than that in the north. (that = the weather,避免重复)

单数/不可数用 that,复数用 those:The streets here are cleaner than those in my hometown.

⚠️ it vs one:it 指的就是那一个(同一个);one 指同类中的另一个。
I lost my pen, so I bought one.(新买一支)　I found my pen, it was under the desk.(就是那支)

5.4 不定代词:四级最爱的"数量+色彩"题

一组	分工	例句
some / any	肯定句用 some;否定疑问用 any;请求建议的问句仍用 some	Would you like some tea?(想对方说好)
many / much	many + 可数复数;much + 不可数(口语多用 a lot of)	many books / much water
few / a few	+ 可数;a few = 有几个(肯定);few = 几乎没有(否定)	I have a few friends.(有几个) I have few friends.(几乎没朋友)
little / a little	+ 不可数;a little = 有一点;little = 几乎没有	There is little water left. Let's buy some.
both / all	both 两者都;all 三者及以上都	Both (of the) answers are right.
either / neither / none	either 两者任一;neither 两者都不;none 三者以上都不	None of them knows the truth.
everyone / everything	全部按单数对待!	Everyone is here.(不是 are!)

💡 记忆:带 a 的(a few / a little)是"有",不带 a 的(few / little)是"几乎没有";再按名词可数与否选 few 系还是 little 系。

✏️ 第 5 章小试牛刀

This bike is not ______ (my / me / mine).
查看答案
mine。句尾独立使用,用名词性物主代词。
The population of China is larger than ______ of Japan.
查看答案
that。代替 the population(单数),避免重复。
改错:Everyone in our class like English.
查看答案
✅ Everyone ... likes English. everyone/everybody/no one 等一律接单数动词。
Hurry up! We still have ______ minutes left. (a few / a little)
查看答案
a few。minutes 可数;"还剩几分钟"是肯定含义。
翻译:我发现学英语很难。 (用形式宾语)
查看答案
I find it difficult to learn English. 真正宾语 to learn English 后置,it 占位。

6形容词与副词:位置、排序、比较级写作提分利器

6.1 形容词站哪儿?

名词前(定语):a beautiful girl
系动词后(表语):She is beautiful.
复合不定代词之后(★高频):something important, nothing new, anything else(修饰 something/anything/nothing 的形容词必须后置!)
enough 前后:修饰名词放前面 enough money;修饰形容词/副词放后面 old enough, fast enough

多个形容词的排序口诀:「县官行令谢国材」——用谐音记「限观形龄色国材」七个字:限(限定词)、观(观点好坏)、形(形状大小)、龄(年龄新旧)、色(颜色)、国(国籍)、材(材料)。

排序口诀:「限观形龄色国材」
限定词 → 观点(美丑好坏)→ 形状大小 → 年龄新旧 → 颜色 → 国籍 → 材料
例:a lovely little black dog(一只可爱的小黑狗)
a beautiful old brown Chinese wooden box

6.2 副词怎么造?哪些形副同形?

构成	例子
一般 + ly	quick→quickly, bad→badly
辅音字母+y → ily	easy→easily, happy→happily
le 结尾去 e + y	possible→possibly, terrible→terribly
特例	true→truly, whole→wholly
形副同形	fast, hard, late, early, high, deep, near(He runs fast. / a fast car)

💪 hard 努力地

work hard 努力工作
rain hard 雨下得很大

🙈 hardly 几乎不(否定!)

I hardly know him. 我几乎不认识他
He hardly ever works. 他几乎从不工作

同类对比:late 迟到 / lately 最近;high 高地(实) / highly 高度地(抽象:think highly of);near 附近 / nearly 几乎;most 大多数 / mostly 主要地。

6.3 比较级与最高级(写作翻译双高频)

构成	比较级	最高级
单音节 + er / est	tall → taller	tallest
以 e 结尾 + r / st	nice → nicer	nicest
重读闭音节双写末字母	big → bigger, hot → hotter, thin → thinner	biggest, hottest, thinnest
辅音+y → ier / iest	happy → happier	happiest
多音节 more / most + 原形	more beautiful	most beautiful
不规则(必背)	good/well→better;bad/badly→worse;many/much→more;little→less;far→farther/further;old→older/elder	best / worst / most / least / farthest / furthest / oldest / eldest

五大句型,写作直接用:
① A is 比较级 than B:He is taller than me.
② as 原级 as / not as 原级 as:He is as tall as me.
③ the+比较级…, the+比较级…:The harder you work, the more progress you will make. 越……越……
④ 比较级 and 比较级:better and better 越来越好
⑤ the + 最高级 + in/of:He is the tallest in our class / of the three.

❌ 四级三大陷阱:
① very 不能修饰比较级!要说 much / far / even / a little + 比较级:much better ✅ very better ❌
② 同一范围比较要排除自己:He is taller than any other student in his class. ✅(other 不可少,否则=比自己高也比自己高,逻辑矛盾)
③ 两者比较用比较级 + the:He is the taller of the two.(有 the!)二者选一"较……的"。

✏️ 第 6 章小试牛刀

This problem is ______(easy)than that one.
查看答案
easier。辅音+y 变 ier。
改错:She is more taller than her sister.
查看答案
✅ She is taller than her sister. taller 本身就是比较级,不能再加 more。
改错:He is stronger than any student in his team.
查看答案
✅ stronger than any other student。同队比较需排除他自己。
I can ______(hard / hardly)hear you. Speak louder, please.
查看答案
hardly。"几乎听不见"才要对方大点声;hard = 努力地,不通。
补全:The harder you study, ______.
查看答案
the more you will learn / the better grades you will get。"the+比较级, the+比较级"结构,四级作文万能句。

7介词:一张图记时间,一张图记方位固定搭配靠积累

7.1 时间三兄弟:at / on / in(套娃图)

图 7-1 时间介词套娃图:范围越大用 in,锁定到某天用 on,精确到时刻用 at

口诀:「at 点、on 天、in 段」—— at 时刻点 / on 具体某天 / in 较长时段。

介词	用法	例子
at	时刻点、黎明正午夜里、年龄	at 7:00, at noon, at night, at midnight, at the age of 18, at that moment
on	具体某一天、某天的上午下午晚上、节日当天	on Monday, on June 1st, on a rainy day, on Sunday morning, on Christmas Day
in	年、月、季节、世纪、泛指早中晚、"……后"	in 2026, in winter, in the evening, in an hour(一小时后)
since	+ 过去时间点(配现在完成时 ★)	I have lived here since 2015.
for	+ 一段时间(持续多久)	I have lived here for ten years.
by / until	by 到……之前(截止);until 一直到	Finish it by Friday. / Wait until Friday.

⚠️ 易混:in the morning(泛指早晨)vs on Monday morning(特指某天早晨,介词跟着"天"走用 on);at night 固定搭配(不是 in the night)。

7.2 方位介词:一图看懂

图 7-2 方位介词场景图:on 接触、above 悬空、under 正下方、between 两者之间(三者以上用 among)

⚠️ 高频三连:
across 从表面横穿:swim across the river 游过河
through 从内部穿过:walk through the forest 穿过森林
over 越过(上方跨过):fly over the mountain 飞越群山

7.3 方式介词:by / with / in / on

介词	用法	例子
by	交通方式(不加冠词)、凭借手段	by bus / by car / by plane;by working hard 通过努力
on	on foot 步行;on the bus(加冠词用 on)	I go to school on foot.
with	用具体工具;带着,具有	write with a pen;a girl with long hair
in	用语言、材料;穿着	say it in English;write in ink;a lady in red

7.4 四级高频介词搭配表(直接背)

搭配	意思	搭配	意思
depend / rely on	依靠	be interested in	对……感兴趣
listen to / belong to	听 / 属于	be good at	擅长
agree with sb / to sth	同意人 / 同意事	be afraid of / be proud of	害怕 / 自豪
arrive in 大地 / at 小地	到达	be famous for(因) / as(作为)	出名
be made of(看得出) / from(看不出)	由……制成	be angry with sb / at sth	生气
spend … (in) doing / on sth	花费	pay attention to doing ★to 是介词!	注意
succeed in doing	成功做成	catch / keep up with	赶上 / 跟上
apologize to sb for sth	为某事向某人道歉	take part in	参加

✏️ 第 7 章小试牛刀

He was born ______ a cold winter morning.
查看答案
on。具体某天的早晨,介词跟着"天"用 on。
We walked ______ the forest and got lost.
查看答案
through。从森林内部穿过。
The desk is made ______ wood.
查看答案
of。木桌看得出原材料用 of(看不出,如 paper from wood,用 from)。
改错:She is good in English.
查看答案
✅ good at。固定搭配 be good at。
______ the help of my teacher, I passed the exam.
查看答案
With。with the help of... 在……的帮助下,固定搭配。

PART 2 · 核心引擎 🔥第 8–12 章:动词变形 → 时态 → 被动语态 → 情态动词 → 非谓语动词。四级语法的"心脏"全在这里,第 9 章时态请学到"能在时间轴上看见画面"为止。

8动词总览与变形:学时态前的最后一块地基时态的原材料

8.1 动词的五个"形态"(时态就靠它们变)

英语动词像变形金刚,一共 5 个形态。后面所有时态,都是"时间 + 形态"的组合:

形态	谁负责	例:do	例:go	例:be
① 原形	一般现在(复数)、情态动词/助动词后	do	go	be
② 三单形式	一般现在(第三人称单数)	does	goes	is
③ 过去式	一般过去时	did	went	was/were
④ 过去分词	完成时 + 被动语态(两大考点)	done	gone	been
⑤ 现在分词	进行时 + 非谓语主动	doing	going	being

口诀:「doing 管进行,done 管完成和被动,原形跟在助动词、情态动词后面走」—— 这三句话能解决 80% 的动词填空。

8.2 规则变形流水线

变化	三单(一般现在)	过去式/过去分词	现在分词
一般情况	work → works	work → worked	work → working
s/x/ch/sh/o 结尾	pass→passes, do→does, watch→watches	pass→passed, watch→watched	do→doing(直接+ing)
辅音字母+y	study→studies, fly→flies	study→studied	study→studying(y 保留!)
重读闭音节双写	—	stop→stopped, plan→planned, prefer→preferred ★	run→running, sit→sitting, begin→beginning
不发音 e 结尾	—	like→liked, hope→hoped	去 e + ing:make→making, write→writing
特例	have→has	lie(说谎)→lied；lie(躺)→lay(过去式,过去分词 lain)；lay(放置)→laid	die→dying, lie→lying, tie→tying

8.3 不规则动词分组背(四级高频 40 个)

分组	动词(原形-过去式-过去分词)
AAA 型(三个一样)	cut-cut-cut, cost, hit, let, put, set, hurt, read(拼写同,读音变 /red/)
ABA 型(原形和分词一样)	come-came-come, become-became-become, run-ran-run
ABB 型(后两个一样)	buy-bought, bring-brought, think-thought, teach-taught, catch-caught;find-found, have-had, make-made, get-got, tell-told, sell-sold, say-said, pay-paid, sit-sat, win-won, stand-stood;feel-felt, keep-kept, sleep-slept, leave-left, meet-met, mean-meant, build-built, send-sent, spend-spent, lend-lent
ABC 型(三个都不同)	i-a-u 组(唱歌游泳开始响铃):begin-began-begun, drink, sing, swim, ring 其他必背:do-did-done, go-went-gone, take-took-taken, give-gave-given, see-saw-seen, eat-ate-eaten, write-wrote-written, speak-spoke-spoken, break-broke-broken, choose-chose-chosen, drive-drove-driven, ride-rode-ridden, know-knew-known, grow-grew-grown, throw-threw-thrown, fly-flew-flown, wear-wore-worn, fall-fell-fallen, forget-forgot-forgotten, be-was/were-been

8.4 动词四大类(时态/被动/情态的说明书)

🏋️ 实义动词

有实际意义:eat, run, love。及物后面直接接宾语(love English);不及物不能直接接(❌ arrive the station → arrive at/in)。

🪞 系动词

be, look, sound, feel, become, keep, seem……后面接形容词/名词作表语(第 2 章)。

🛠️ 助动词

be / have / do。本身不表示具体动作,只帮忙构成时态、语态、否定、疑问:be→进行时和被动;have→完成时;do→否定和疑问(do not know, Do you know?)

🎫 情态动词

can, may, must, should, will……后面必须接动词原形,没有人称变化(第 11 章)。

⚠️ 及物动词不加介词(中式英语重灾区):discuss / enter / marry / reach / attend / answer / serve 都是及物的——discuss the problem ✅(不是 discuss about);reach Beijing ✅(不是 reach to)。

常用短语动词(选词填空/听力高频)

give up 放弃 · put off 推迟 · turn out 结果是 · turn up 出现/调大 · set up 建立 · look up 查阅 · look into 调查 · carry out 执行 · bring up 抚养/提出 · take on 承担 · break down 出故障 · break out 爆发 · come up with 想出 · run out (of) 用完 · make up 编造/组成 · pick up 捡起/学会/接人 · put up with 忍受 · go over 复习 · get over 克服 · get through 度过/接通 · deal with 处理 · figure out 弄明白

✏️ 第 8 章小试牛刀

He ______(go)to school by bike every day.
查看答案
goes。第三人称单数 + 一般现在时。
写出 prefer 的过去式和过去分词。
查看答案
preferred, preferred。重读闭音节双写 r 再加 ed。
改错:Did you went there yesterday?
查看答案
✅ Did you go there yesterday? did 已经承担了"过去"的信息,后面的动词用原形("过去"的标志只出现一次)。
改错:We discussed about the problem last night.
查看答案
✅ We discussed the problem...。discuss 是及物动词,不加 about。
I can't ______ what he means. (A. give up　B. figure out)
查看答案
B. figure out(弄明白)。give up 是"放弃"。

9时态大全:16 个时态,先学精 9 个⭐ 全书心脏 · 四级命根

别怕"16 个时态"——它只是一道乘法题:4 种时间 × 4 种状态。时间好懂(过去/现在/将来/过去将来),关键是 4 种"状态"是什么:

📷 一般态 = 拍快照

笼统地交代"经常发生 / 发生了 / 会发生",不关心进行或完成的细节。
常配词:often, yesterday, tomorrow

🎬 进行态 = 拍视频

镜头怼着一个正在进行的动作拍:be + doing。
常配词:now, at that time, at 8 last night

📦 完成态 = 强调结果

动作在某时间点之前已完成/积累,强调结果或影响:have + done。
常配词:already, yet, since, by + 时间点

🏃 完成进行态 = 结果 + 过程

动作从过去一直做到某个时间点,强调"一直在做"的过程:have been + doing。

9.1 16 时态总览表(绿 = 四级核心 9 个,灰 = 认识即可)

时间 \ 状态	一般	进行	完成	完成进行
现在	do / does works	am/is/are + doing is working	have/has + done has worked	have/has been doing has been working
过去	did / was worked	was/were + doing was working	had + done had worked	had been doing had been working
将来	will + do will work	will be doing will be working	will have done will have worked	will have been doing
过去将来	would + do would work	would be doing	would have done	would have been doing

💡 优先学精 9 个绿格:一般现在、现在进行、现在完成、一般过去、过去进行、过去完成、一般将来、过去将来,外加了解现在完成进行时。其余 7 个只是它们的组合,看懂即可,四级几乎不单独考。

9.2 一般现在时 do / does:习惯、真理、状态

图 9-1 一般现在时:像一串重复的点,跨着过去、现在、将来反复出现

公式:主语 + 动词原形(第三人称单数 + s)　·　be → am / is / are

习惯、经常的动作:I get up at six every day. / She works in a bank.
客观真理、事实:The earth goes around the sun.
现在的状态、特征:He is a doctor. / The soup tastes good.

信号词:always 总是usually 通常often 经常sometimes 有时seldom 很少never 从不every day / weekon Sundays

❌ 两个必错点:
① 三单忘加 s:He likes music.(不是 like)
② if / when 引导的从句里,将来用一般现在代替(★四级翻译必考):
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay home. ✅(不是 if it will rain)——主句才用 will,从句"降级"。

9.3 一般过去时 did:过去某时发生,与现在无关

图 9-2 一般过去时:时间轴上过去的一个"点",动作已完成、已翻篇

公式:主语 + 动词过去式　·　be → was / were

过去某时发生的动作:I visited Beijing last year.
过去的状态:She was a nurse ten years ago.

信号词:yesterdaylast week / month / year… agoin 1990 / in the pastjust now 刚才at that timethe other day 前几天

⚠️ 易错:
① 忘了变形:Yesterday I went shopping.(不是 go)
② used to do 过去常常(现在不了):I used to smoke, but I have given it up. —— 别和 be used to doing(习惯于)搞混,对比卡见 9.11。

9.4 一般将来时 will do:站在现在,望向将来

图 9-3 一般将来时:虚线 = 从"现在"望过去,动作落在将来

公式:主语 + will + 动词原形(所有人称通用,不变形!)
否定 will not = won't;疑问 Will you...?

临时决定、预测:It will rain tomorrow. / OK, I will help you.
客观将来:She will be twenty next year.

信号词:tomorrownext week / year / monthin + 一段时间(…之后)soon 不久in the futurethis evening

⚠️ will vs be going to(四级爱考的细微差别):
be going to do = 早就计划好的,或"有迹象要发生":I am going to study abroad next year.(早决定了) / Look at the clouds! It is going to rain.(眼看要下)
will = 说话时临时决定或单纯预测:— The phone is ringing. — I will get it.(临时起意)

💡 另外 3 种"表将来"的方式,见到要认识:
① 现在进行时表安排:I am leaving tomorrow.(票都买好了)
② 一般现在时表时刻表:The train leaves at 6:30.(车次时刻表,雷打不动)
③ be about to do 马上就要:Hurry up! The film is about to begin.

9.5 现在进行时 am/is/are doing:此刻正在拍视频

图 9-5 现在进行时:一小段录像,正中央压着"现在"这条线

公式:主语 + am / is / are + doing

说话此刻正在进行的动作:Listen! Someone is singing.
现阶段(不一定此刻)正在进行:I am reading a novel these days.
已计划好的将来安排:We are flying to Shanghai tomorrow.

信号词:now / right nowat the moment 此刻Look! / Listen!these dayscurrently 目前

❌ 状态动词不用进行时!表"知道、喜欢、拥有"等状态的词:know, like, love, want, need, believe, understand, belong, own, remember……
✅ I know the answer.(不是 I am knowing)
✅ This book belongs to me.(不是 is belonging)

9.6 过去进行时 was/were doing:过去某时,动作正拍到一半

图 9-6 过去进行时:把"进行镜头"搬到过去

公式:主语 + was / were + doing

I was reading at 9 last night. 昨晚九点我正在看书。

While I was cooking, the phone rang. 我正做饭时,电话响了。

信号词:at 8 last nightat that time / momentthis time yesterdaywhile + 过去进行

⚠️ when vs while(长动作 vs 短动作):
while + 延续动作(过去进行):While she was washing clothes, I was watching TV.(两个长动作同时)
when + 短动作(一般过去)打断长动作:When he came in, I was sleeping.
口诀:「when 打断,while 相伴」。

9.7 现在完成时 have/has done ★:过去的事,"连着"现在

图 9-7 现在完成时:过去种下的"因",现在还开着"果"——这是它与一般过去时的本质区别

公式:主语 + have / has + 过去分词(done)
否定 haven't / hasn't;疑问 Have you ever...?

过去发生,对现在造成影响(结果用法):I have lost my key.(所以现在进不去门) / He has broken his leg.(现在还打着石膏)
从过去持续到现在(延续用法):We have known each other for ten years. / He has taught here since 2020.
到目前为止的经历:Have you ever been to Paris? — Yes, I have been there twice.

信号词(高频!):already 已经(肯定)yet 还(否定/疑问)just 刚刚ever / neverso far / up to now 至今recently 最近since + 时间点for + 时间段in the past few yearsHow long…?

❌ 现在完成时的三大天条(四级选择/改错必考):
① 不能再和明确的过去时间连用:yesterday / ago / last week / in 1990 / just now 出现 → 必须用一般过去!
❌ I have seen this film last week. → ✅ I saw this film last week.
② 非延续动词不能和 for / since 连用(动作一瞬间完成,没法"持续"):buy, die, join, leave, come, begin, borrow, marry…
❌ He has bought the car for two years. → ✅ He has had the car for two years.
换延续表达:die→has been dead;join→has been in / a member of;leave→has been away;begin→has been on;borrow→has kept;marry→has been married
③ have been to vs have gone to:He has been to Beijing.(去过,人已回来) / He has gone to Beijing.(去了还没回来,人不在说话现场)

9.8 过去完成时 had done:"过去的过去"

图 9-8 过去完成时:必须先有一个"过去参照点",动作发生在它之前

公式:主语 + had + 过去分词(done)

When I got to the station, the train had left. 我到车站时(过去参照点),火车已经开走了(更早的动作)。

By the end of last year, we had built three schools. 到去年年底为止,我们已经建了三所学校。

信号词:by the end of last…by the time + 过去从句by thenbefore / afterhardly… when…

❌ 最大误区:没有"过去参照点"就乱用过去完成时!
句子里必须能找到两个过去的动作/时间:更早的用 had done,较晚的用 did。只有一个过去动作 → 老实用一般过去时。
✅ He told me that he had finished the work.(told 是过去参照点,finish 更早)

9.9 过去将来时 would do & 现在完成进行时(认识即可)

⏪⏩ 过去将来时 would do

站在过去的某个点"望将来"。最常出现在宾语从句里:主句是过去时,从句的"将来"就变 would。
He said he would come the next day.
他说他第二天会来。

🏃 现在完成进行时 have been doing

动作从过去开始,一直做到现在,可能还要继续——强调"过程"。和现在完成时的区别见对比卡⑤。
I have been learning English for ten years.
这十年我一直在学英语(还在学)。

9.10 时态选择决策树:做任何时态题,先走一遍

图 9-9 时态决策树:一问时间 → 二问状态 → 三定公式,覆盖 90% 的时态题

9.11 八张易混对比卡(混淆时回来翻)

🔴 一般过去时 did

只讲过去,和现在断开。常带明确的过去时间。

I saw this film last week.
我上周看了这部电影(只陈述事实)。

🟢 现在完成时 have done

过去的事,影响/延续到现在。不带具体过去时间。

I have seen this film, so I won't see it again.
我看过了(所以现在不想再看)。

🟢 现在完成时 have done

参照点 = 现在:到"现在"为止已完成。
信号:since, for, so far, already, yet

I have finished my homework.
(现在作业写完了)

🟠 过去完成时 had done

参照点 = 过去某时:"过去的过去"。
信号:by the end of last…, by the time…

I had finished my homework before mum came home.
(在"妈妈回来"那个过去时刻之前)

🔵 一般现在时 do

习惯、反复、事实,没有进行中的画面。
信号:always, often, every day

She teaches English.
她教英语(职业)。

🟣 现在进行时 be doing

此刻正在发生,有画面感。
信号:now, Look! Listen!

She is teaching English now.
她此刻正在上课。

⏩ will do

说话时临时决定,或单纯预测将来。

— The phone is ringing.
— I will answer it.(临时接手)

📋 be going to do

早就计划好,或有迹象表明要发生。

I am going to visit grandma this weekend.(早有安排)
Look at the clouds! It is going to rain.

📦 现在完成时 have done

强调结果、总量:干成了多少。

I have written three letters.
(写完了三封,看结果)

🏃 现在完成进行时 have been doing

强调过程还在延续:一直在干。

I have been writing letters all morning.
(一上午一直在写,可能还没完)

🕰️ used to do

过去常常做某事,现在不了。to 后接动词原形。

I used to get up late.
我过去常常晚起(现在不了)。

📅 be used to doing

(现在)习惯于做某事。这里 to 是介词,后接 doing。

I am used to getting up early now.
我现在习惯早起了。

🔮 will do(一般将来)

参照点 = 现在:从现在望将来。

I will tell him the news.
(现在承诺/预测)

⏮️ would do(过去将来)

参照点 = 过去:主句是过去时,从句里的"将来"退一步变 would。

He said he would tell me the news.
(站在"他说"那个过去时刻)

🎯 一般过去时 did

一个"点":动作干脆发生完。

When he came in, I was reading.
他进来(短动作,点)。

🎬 过去进行时 was doing

一段"录像":当时正在持续。

While I was reading, he came in.
我正在看书(长动作,段)。

9.12 做题口诀:「三步定音法」

第一步 🔍 找信号词:yesterday/ago → 过去系;now/Look! → 进行系;since/so far → 完成系;tomorrow → 将来系。
第二步 🧭 画时间轴:没有信号词,问自己——动作和"现在"有关系吗?在另一个过去动作之前吗?
第三步 📷 定状态:笼统一笔带过 → 一般;正在拍视频 → 进行;强调结果影响 → 完成。

💡 检验你是否真懂时态的标志:看到 since 2020 脑中自动浮现"一根线从过去连到现在";看到 yesterday 自动浮现"过去的一个点"。把 9.2–9.8 的七张时间轴各看三遍,时态就再也乱不了。

✏️ 第 9 章小试牛刀(时态大练兵)

I ______(read)this book twice. It's wonderful.
查看答案
have read。"看过两次"= 到现在为止的经历,现在完成时。
— Where is Tom? — He ______(go)to the library.
查看答案
has gone to。人不在说话现场(去了还没回来),用 has gone to;has been to 是"去过已回"。
By the time I got to the cinema, the film ______(begin).
查看答案
had begun。"我到影院"是过去参照点,电影开始更早 → 过去完成时。
Listen! The baby ______(cry).
查看答案
is crying。Listen! 是现在进行时的经典信号词。
He ______(live)in Shanghai since 2018.
查看答案
has lived / has been living。since 2018:从过去持续到现在,现在完成(进行)时。
改错:She has bought this bike last Sunday.
查看答案
✅ She bought this bike last Sunday. last Sunday 是明确过去时间,禁配现在完成时。
改错:My brother has joined the army for five years.
查看答案
✅ My brother has been in the army for five years. / has been a soldier for five years. join 是非延续动词,不能接 for 时间段。
If it ______(be)fine tomorrow, we will go hiking.
查看答案
is。if 引导的条件从句,将来用一般现在时代替("主将从现")。

10被动语态:be 扛时态,done 不变四级翻译必考

10.1 什么时候用被动?

不知道或不必说"谁干的":The window was broken last night.(谁打破的不重要)
强调"被作用的对象":The Great Wall was built thousands of years ago.(重点在长城)
客观说明、规定、新闻:Smoking is not allowed here. 禁止吸烟。

10.2 主动 → 被动:三步变身

第一步:宾语 → 提到句首当主语
第二步:谓语 → be + 过去分词(be 负责体现时态和人称,done 永远不变)
第三步:原主语 → 变成 by 短语(不知道/不重要时可省略)

We speak English here.　→　English is spoken here (by us).

Tom cleaned the room yesterday.　→　The room was cleaned yesterday.

💡 双宾语句变被动有两条路:He gave me a book. → I was given a book. / A book was given to me.(人、物都能当被动主语)

10.3 各时态的被动式(只背一张表)

核心心法:be 负责变时态(和人称),done 永远不动。把第 9 章的"be 各时态形态"背下来,这张表就自动会了。

时态/结构	被动公式	例句
一般现在时	am / is / are + done	English is spoken all over the world.
一般过去时	was / were + done	The bridge was built in 1990.
一般将来时	will be + done	A new airport will be built next year.
现在进行时	am / is / are being + done	The road is being repaired now.
现在完成时	have / has been + done	The work has been finished.
过去完成时	had been + done	The house had been sold before I arrived.
情态动词	can / must / should + be + done	The task must be finished today.

10.4 两大雷区

❌ 雷区一:不及物动词没有被动!动作没有"承受者"就变不了被动:happen, take place, occur, break out(爆发), come true, belong to, die, rise…
✅ The accident happened last night. ❌ The accident was happened…

⚠️ 雷区二:感官、使役动词变被动后,to 要"还回来":
主动:The boss made him work all night.(make sb do,不带 to)
被动:He was made to work all night.(被动后必须有 to!同类:be seen to do / be heard to do / be let to do)

💡 "主动形式表被动"三兄弟(不用被动却含被动义):
① The bike needs repairing. = needs to be repaired(need/want/require + doing)
② The book is worth reading. 值得一读
③ This pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写起来顺滑(主语是物)

✏️ 第 10 章小试牛刀

The Great Wall ______(build)thousands of years ago.
查看答案
was built。长城是"被建的",一般过去时被动。
English ______(speak)in many countries.
查看答案
is spoken。一般现在时被动。
改错:The accident was happened last night.
查看答案
✅ The accident happened last night. happen 不及物,永远没有被动。
He was made ______(work)ten hours a day.
查看答案
to work。make sb do 变被动后,必须还原 to。
The flowers need ______(water).
查看答案
watering = to be watered。need + doing 主动表被动。

11情态动词:一件外套,后面永远穿"原形"推测题必考

11.1 基本用法:三条纪律

情态动词(can / may / must / should / will / would / need / shall…)+ 动词原形

没有人称变化:He can swim. ✅(不是 cans)
否定直接加 not:can't, mustn't, needn't, shouldn't, won't
疑问句提到句首:Can you help me? / Must I go now?

情态动词	核心意义	例句
can / could	能力;许可;可能	She can speak three languages.
may / might	许可;可能(更不确定)	You may leave now. / He might come later.
must	必须;一定(推测)	You must finish it today.
have to	不得不(客观所迫)	It's late. I have to go now.
should / ought to	应该;劝告	You should see a doctor.
need	需要(多用于否定疑问)	Need I come? — No, you needn't.
will / would	意愿;would 更委婉/过去习惯	Would you please open the window?

11.2 must vs have to / mustn't vs needn't(两张经典对比卡)

💜 must 主观义务

"我自己要求自己/上级要求",来自内心或说话人。

I must work hard to pass CET-4.
(我要过四级,我自愿卷)

⛓️ have to 客观所迫

"不得不",被外部环境逼的。有人称和时态变化(had to)。

The last bus leaves in 5 minutes. I have to run!
(客观赶车)

🚫 mustn't 禁止(千万别)

= must not,语气最强的禁止。

You mustn't smoke here.
这儿严禁吸烟。

😌 needn't / don't have to 不必

= 没有必要做(但做了也没错)。"必须"的否定是"不必",不是"禁止"!

You needn't hurry. There's plenty of time.
你不用急。

11.3 情态动词 + have done:对"过去"的推测和悔恨 ★

这是四级听力、翻译的重灾区。公式:情态动词 + have + 过去分词,全部在讨论"过去发生的事"。

结构	含义	例句
must have done	过去一定做了(很有把握)	The ground is wet. It must have rained last night.
can't have done	过去不可能做了(must 的否定推测)	He can't have finished it so soon.
may / might have done	过去也许做了(不确定)	She may have missed the train.
should have done	本应该做(却没做)→ 带责备/后悔	You should have told me earlier!
shouldn't have done	本不该做(却做了)	You shouldn't have laughed at him.
needn't have done	本不必做(却做了)	You needn't have brought an umbrella. It didn't rain.

推测程度排排站:must(一定)＞ may(可能)＞ might(也许)＞ can't(绝不可能)
注意:推测句里"一定不"用 can't,不用 mustn't!

✏️ 第 11 章小试牛刀

The light in his room is still on. He ______(must / be)at home.
查看答案
must be。对"现在"的肯定推测,情态动词 + 原形 be。
The ground is wet. It ______(must / rain)last night.
查看答案
must have rained。对"过去"的肯定推测 = must + have done。
改错:You mustn't hurry. There is plenty of time.
查看答案
✅ You needn't / don't have to hurry. mustn't 是"禁止",此处意思是"不必"。
改错:He cans swim very well.
查看答案
✅ He can swim very well. 情态动词无人称变化,永远不带 s。
You ______(should / tell)me earlier. I missed the train!
查看答案
should have told。本应该早告诉我(却没告诉),带责备。

12非谓语动词:第二个动词必须"戴帽子"⭐ 选词填空+翻译高频

12.1 为什么会有"非谓语"?

还记得语法第一定律吗?一个简单句只能有一个谓语动词。那两个动作怎么放一起?第二个动词就得"降级"——戴上三顶帽子之一:

帽子	身份	核心含义	例子
to do 不定式	目的、打算、具体某一次	"要做 / 为了做"(朝向将来)	He got up early to catch the train. 为了赶火车(目的)
doing 现在分词 / 动名词	主动、进行、伴随	"正在做 / 主动做"	Hearing the news, she cried. 听到消息时(她主动听,同时发生)
done 过去分词	被动、完成	"被做 / 已完成"	Seen from space, the earth is blue. 从太空看(地球"被看")

12.2 三兄弟决策树:先问"谁发的?为了啥?"

图 12-1 非谓语决策树:看主句主语和非谓语动词是"主动"还是"被动"关系,一眼定 doing / done

⚠️ 悬垂结构陷阱(四级改错爱考):非谓语的逻辑主语必须是主句主语!
❌ Walking in the street, a car hit me.(车不会"散步")
✅ Walking in the street, I was hit by a car. / While I was walking in the street, a car hit me.

12.3 非谓语的四大岗位

岗位一:作状语(修饰整句,前面常加逗号)

Walking in the street, I met an old friend. 主动 → doing

Given more time, we could do it better. 被动 → done

To pass the exam, I study English every day. 目的 → to do

岗位二:作定语(放在名词后面"……的")

the man standing there 站在那儿的男人(主动)
the window broken by Tom 被 Tom 打碎的窗户(被动)
I have a lot of homework to do. 要做的作业(将来/待办)

岗位三:作主语(动名词和不定式都行)

Learning English takes time. = To learn English takes time. = It takes time to learn English.(用 it 作形式主语最常见)

岗位四:作宾语——背这两张名单 ★

只能接 to do(想做还没做)

want, hope, wish, decide, plan, agree, refuse, promise, manage(设法), afford(负担得起), offer, learn, expect

I decided to change my plan.

只能接 doing(享受/完成/回避)

enjoy, finish, practice, mind(介意), avoid(避免), suggest, keep, miss(错过), imagine, consider, admit, risk, delay

He suggested going by train.

口诀:「享受完成多练习,避免介意别建议」→ enjoy / finish / practice / avoid / mind / suggest 后面全接 doing。suggest / advise / consider(考虑)后也禁止接 to do!

两者都接、意思大不同(必背 6 组)

to do(还没做)	doing(做过/在做)
remember to lock the door 记得要锁门	remember locking the door 记得锁过了
forget to bring 忘了要带	forget bringing 忘了带过
stop to rest 停下来去休息	stop resting 停止休息
try to pass 努力去通过	try restarting it 试着重启看看
regret to tell you 遗憾地通知	regret saying that 后悔说过
go on to read 接着读(另一件事)	go on reading 继续读(同一件事)

12.4 假冒动词的"介词 to"(最高频坑!)

❌ 这些短语里的 to 是介词,后面必须接 doing,不是动词原形:
look forward to doing 期待 · be used to doing 习惯于 · pay attention to doing 注意 · devote…to doing 致力于 · object to doing 反对 · lead to doing 导致 · be addicted to doing 沉迷于
✅ I'm looking forward to hearing from you.(四级写作万能结尾,别写 to hear!)

顺手打包的高频固定搭配

have trouble / difficulty / fun (in) doing 做某事有困难/乐趣 · be busy (in) doing 忙于 · spend time (in) doing 花时间做 · It's no use crying 哭没有用 · can't help doing 禁不住 · There is no denying that 不可否认 · 疑问词 + to do:I don't know what to do.

特殊句型:使役/感官动词 + 宾语 + 三帽子

结构	含义	例句
see / watch / hear sb do	看到全过程	I saw him cross the street.
see / watch / hear sb doing	看到正在发生	I saw him crossing the street.
make / let / have sb do	使/让某人做(接原形!)	Let me try. / have sb do sth
have sth done	让别人做某事(某物被……)	I had my hair cut. 我剪了头发(理发师剪的)
make / let 变被动	to 还原回来	He was made to work all night.

✏️ 第 12 章小试牛刀

He kept ______(talk)although nobody listened.
查看答案
talking。keep 后必须接 doing。
______(see)from the hill, the city looks beautiful.
查看答案
Seen。城市是"被看"的,主句主语 the city 与 see 是被动关系 → done。
改错:I look forward to hear from you.
查看答案
✅ look forward to hearing from you。这里的 to 是介词,后接 doing。
The film was so touching that I couldn't help ______(cry).
查看答案
crying。can't help doing 禁不住做某事。
改错:She suggested to go to the beach.
查看答案
✅ She suggested going to the beach. suggest 后不接 to do(可接 that 从句)。
I'm busy ______(prepare)for the exam.
查看答案
preparing。be busy (in) doing。
I remember ______(lock)the door, but it's open now.
查看答案
locking。记得"锁过了"(动作已发生);如果还没锁要说 remember to lock。

PART 3 · 高阶装备 ⚔️第 13–15 章:三大从句、虚拟语气、倒装与强调。这是阅读长难句的"解码器",也是写作拉开差距的地方。

13三大从句:长难句的解码器⭐ 阅读+写作核心

还记得第 1 章的"路线③送进从句"吗?所谓从句,就是把一整个句子降级,去当另一个句子里的零件。按零件的岗位分三类,一个不多:

🎨 定语从句

整个句子去当形容词,修饰某个名词(先行词)。
the man who lives next door

📦 名词性从句

整个句子去当名词(主语/宾语/表语/同位语)。
I know that he is honest.

⏱️ 状语从句

整个句子去当副词,说明时间/条件/原因等。
When it rains, I stay home.

13.1 定语从句:给名词"装配件"

The girl who is wearing red is my sister. 穿红衣服的那个女孩是我妹妹。

被修饰的名词叫先行词(the girl),后面的 who is wearing red 就是定语从句。关系词有三大职能:①连接 ②指代先行词 ③在从句里充当成分。

关系词	先行词	在从句中充当	例句
who / that	人	主语、宾语	the man who helped me
whom	人	宾语(可省,紧跟介词后不省)	the lady whom you met
whose	人/物	定语("谁的")	the boy whose father is a doctor
which / that	物	主语、宾语	the book which/that I bought
when	时间	时间状语	the day when we met
where	地点	地点状语	the city where I was born
why	reason 原因	原因状语	the reason why he was late

💡 选 who 还是 where?把先行词"塞回"从句里试一试:
从句缺主语/宾语 → 用关系代词(that/who/which);从句主谓宾完整、缺"在……"的状语 → 用关系副词。
This is the school that/which I visited last year.(visited 缺宾语,把 school 塞回去:visited the school ✅)
This is the school where I studied last year.(studied 完整,塞回去说"studied the school"不通,缺"在学校"的地点状语)

⚠️ 只用 that 的场合:先行词是 all / everything / nothing / anything / little / much;被序数词、最高级、the only、the very 修饰;人和物并列。
只用 which 的场合:①非限制性(逗号后);②紧跟介词之后(the house in which I lived)。
that 绝不能用在逗号后!

🔖 限制性(不加逗号)

从句是名词的"必要说明",删了句子就不完整/变义。

He has a daughter who works in a hospital.
(可能不止一个女儿,这里特指在医院工作的那个)

📌 非限制性(加逗号)

从句只是"顺带补充说明",删了主句照样成立。关系词不可省略、不可用 that。

He has a daughter, who works in a hospital.
(就一个女儿,补充说她在医院工作)

💡 非限制性从句的 which 还能指代前面整句话(写作高分句):He passed the exam, which surprised us all. 他通过了考试,这让所有人都很惊讶。

13.2 名词性从句:整句当名词用

宾语从句(最常见)

跟在动词/介词后当宾语。
I believe (that) you can do it.
I wonder whether it will rain.
Do you know where he lives?

主语从句

整句当主语,常外包一层 it。
That he failed surprised us.
It is said that he is rich.
What he said is true.

表语从句

跟在系动词后。
The problem is that we lack time.
That is why I called you.

同位语从句

解释抽象名词的内容(常接 news, fact, idea, hope, belief)。
The news that our team won excited us.

引导词就 3 类:that(陈述句内容)· whether/if(是否)· wh- 词(who/what/when/where/why/how,保留疑问含义)

❌ 头号规则:从句必须用陈述语序!(听力口语最高频错误)
❌ Do you know where is the bank?
✅ Do you know where the bank is?(把疑问句"躺平"成陈述句)
❌ I don't know what does he want. → ✅ I don't know what he wants.

⚠️ if vs whether:介词后、to 前、与 or not 直接连用、句首作主语、表语从句 → 只能用 whether。I'm not sure whether to go. / Whether he agrees doesn't matter.

💡 同位语从句 vs 定语从句,一秒判别:看 that 在从句里缺不缺成分。
The news that he won the game(从句完整,that 只是"标签"→ 同位语从句)
The news that he told me(told 缺宾语,that 充当 told 的宾语 → 定语从句)

⚠️ 时态呼应:主句是过去时,宾语从句跟着用过去系(He said he would come.);但客观真理不受限(He said the earth is round.)。

13.3 状语从句:9 大类一张表

类型	引导词	例句
时间	when, while, as, before, after, until, once, as soon as, hardly…when	I'll call you as soon as I arrive.
条件	if, unless(=if not 除非), as long as(只要), in case	If it rains, we'll stay home. / I won't go unless you go.
原因	because, since, as, now that	Because it rained, we stayed home.
目的	so that, in order that	Speak louder so that everyone can hear.
结果	so + 形/副…that;such + 名词…that	He ran so fast that we couldn't catch him.
让步	although/though, even if, while, no matter + wh-/however	Although it rained, we went out.
方式	as, as if / as though	Do it as I told you.
地点	where, wherever	Sit wherever you like.
比较	than, as…as	He is taller than I (am).

❌ 中式英语两大天王(务必戒掉):
① because 和 so 不能同时用:❌ Because he was ill, so he didn't come. → 留一个即可!
② although/though 和 but 不能同时用:❌ Although he is rich, but he isn't happy.
记忆:英语一个从句只需要"一个交通信号灯"。

⚠️ 主将从现(时态篇第 9 章已埋伏笔,这里正式封顶):时间从句、条件从句表将来时,从句用一般现在时,主句才用 will。
I will tell him as soon as he comes back. ✅

💡 so…that vs such…that:so + 形容词/副词;such + 名词(可加形容词)。
He is so kind that everyone likes him. = He is such a kind man that everyone likes him.
固定陷阱:so many/much/few/little + 名词(用 so 不用 such):so many books that…

not…until 口诀:「直到……才」:I didn't go to bed until mum came back. 妈妈回来我才睡。

13.4 实战:长难句四步解剖法(阅读提分核心)

The man who is standing under the tree is my English teacher, whom you met last year.

找谓语动词:is standing(从句的)、is(主句的)→ 第二个 is 才是主句心脏。
找关系词切分:who…、whom… 两个从句各归各。
确定从句修饰谁:who…修饰 the man;whom…修饰 teacher。
按中文习惯重排:站在树下(的那个)男人是我的英语老师,(这位老师)你去年见过。

What surprised me most was that the girl who had lost both legs managed to finish the race.
主语从句(What…most)+ 系动词 + 表语从句(that…race),表语从句里又套了定语从句(who…legs)——从句套从句,套路不变。

一句话总结:长难句 = 主干(五大句型)+ 从句挂件。先抓主干,再挂零件,再难的句子也散不了架。

✏️ 第 13 章小试牛刀

This is the house ______ I lived ten years ago. (that / which / where)
查看答案
where(或 in which)。lived 完整,缺地点状语;如果句子是 the house ______ I visited,就要选 that/which(缺宾语)。
改错:Do you know where is the nearest bank?
查看答案
✅ Do you know where the nearest bank is? 宾语从句必须陈述语序。
He told me ______ he had passed the exam. (that / what / whether)
查看答案
that。从句是完整陈述,不缺任何成分,that 引导宾语从句(可省略)。
改错:Because he was ill, so he didn't come to class.
查看答案
✅ 去掉 so(或去掉 Because):Because he was ill, he didn't come. / He was ill, so he didn't come.
It was ______ a lovely day ______ we went for a picnic. (so / such × that)
查看答案
such…that。a lovely day 是名词短语,用 such;so 用于 so lovely a day that。
The question is ______ we can finish the work on time. (if / whether)
查看答案
whether。表语从句不用 if,只能用 whether。
I won't go to the party ______ I am invited. (unless / if)
查看答案
unless(=if not):除非被邀请,否则我不去。

14虚拟语气:与事实相反,动词"退一步"写作高分句型

14.1 一眼看懂虚拟

真实条件说事实(If it rains, we'll stay home —— 可能真下雨);虚拟语气说反事实的假设(If I were you —— 我永远不可能是你)。标记只有一个:动词整体往过去退一步。

14.2 if 虚拟三件套(必背表)

类型	if 从句动词	主句动词	例句
与现在事实相反	过去式(did / were)	would / could / might + do	If I were you, I would take the job. 如果我是你,我就会接受这份工作(我不可能是你)
与过去事实相反	had + done	would / could / might + have + done	If he had studied harder, he would have passed. 要是他当时更努力,就通过了(事实上没通过)
与将来事实相反(可能性极小)	did / were to do / should do	would + do	If the sun were to rise in the west, I would change my mind. 除非太阳打西边出来

口诀:「虚拟退一步海阔天空」—— 虚拟现在 → 退成过去式;虚拟过去 → 退成过去完成时。
be 一律用 were(连 I / he 都用):If I were you. ★

💡 省略 if 的倒装虚拟(高级感拉满的写作句型):从句里有 were / had / should 时,可省 if 并把它们提到句首:
Were I you, I would go. = If I were you…
Had he known the truth, he would have told us. = If he had known…
Should it rain tomorrow, we would cancel the trip.

14.3 wish 后面的虚拟(愿望,但因不现实而"虚拟")

wish +	含义	例句
过去式	但愿现在……(现状难改)	I wish I were a bird.
had done	真希望当初……(后悔)	I wish I had studied harder last term.
would / could do	但愿将来能……	I wish it would stop raining.

14.4 隐藏的虚拟:见词就退

场景	规则	例句
suggest / advise / demand / order / require / insist(坚持要求)+ that 从句	谓语用 (should) + 原形	The doctor suggested that he (should) rest for two days. ★ 四级翻译高频!
It is important / necessary / strange + that	谓语用 (should) + 原形	It is important that everyone (should) attend the meeting.
would rather + 从句	用过去式	I would rather you came tomorrow.
It's (high) time that…	用过去式 / should + 原形	It's high time we went home.
as if / as though	与事实相反时用过去系	He talks as if he knew everything.

⚠️ suggest 有两面:表"建议"→ 从句虚拟(should do);表"表明、暗示"→ 从句用真实时态(Her face suggested that she was happy.)。insist 表"坚持认为"也用真实时态。

✏️ 第 14 章小试牛刀

If I ______(be)you, I would take the chance.
查看答案
were。虚拟现在,be 一律用 were。
If he ______(study)harder last year, he would have passed the exam.
查看答案
had studied。主句是 would have done(与过去相反),从句退到过去完成时。
I wish I ______(can)fly like a bird.
查看答案
could。wish 后的现在愿望用过去式情态动词。
改错:I wish I can pass the exam tomorrow.
查看答案
✅ I wish I could pass...。wish 的愿望都是"虚"的,不用 can/will,用 could/would。
The teacher suggested that he ______(hand)in the paper at once.
查看答案
(should) hand。suggest 表"建议",从句用 (should) + 动词原形。

15主谓一致 · 倒装 · 强调:收尾三件套改错+写作双料

15.1 主谓一致:动词单复数听谁的?

规则	要点	例句
基本盘	谓语动词跟主语核心走	The books are on the desk. / The book is…
全单数家族	everyone / everybody / everything / each / every / no one / nobody / either / neither + 单数动词	Everyone has a dream. / Neither answer is right.
就近原则	either…or / neither…nor / not only…but also / there be → 动词跟最近的主语	Either you or he is wrong. There is a pen and two books on the desk.
动名词/从句作主语	一律按单数	Reading is fun. / What he said is true.
a number of vs the number of	a number of + 复数名词 + 复数动词(许多);the number of + 复数名词 + 单数动词(……的数量)	A number of students are playing. The number of students is 500.
就远原则	主语 + with / as well as / together with / along with / except / but + 名词 → 跟前面主语	The teacher, as well as the students, likes the film.
时间/金钱/距离	当作一个整体 → 单数	Ten years is a long time. / Five dollars is enough.

15.2 倒装:哪些词开头必须倒?

部分倒装 = 只把助动词/情态动词提到主语前(像一般疑问句);完全倒装 = 整个谓语搬到主语前。

触发条件	倒装类型	例句
否定副词开头:never, seldom, hardly, little, not only, no sooner, by no means	部分倒装	Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset. Not only does he sing well, but he also dances.
only + 状语开头(写作金句)	部分倒装	Only in this way can we learn English well.
so / neither / nor 表"也是/也不是"	部分倒装	I like English. So does he. / He can't swim. Neither can I.
so / such…that 的 so/such 部分提前	部分倒装	So fast did he run that nobody caught him.
here / there / 地点状语开头	完全倒装	Here comes the bus! / In front of the house stands a tall tree.

❌ 经典陷阱:主语是代词时,完全倒装要"退回":
✅ Here comes the bus.(名词主语,倒)
✅ Here he comes.(代词主语,不倒!不能说 Here comes he)

15.3 强调句:It is/was … that …

It is / was + 被强调的部分(除谓语外)+ that / who(强调人)+ 句子其余部分

Tom broke the window yesterday.
→ It was Tom that broke the window.(强调人,可用 who)
→ It was the window that Tom broke.(强调物)
→ It was yesterday that Tom broke the window.(强调时间)

💡 鉴别是不是强调句:把 It is/was … that 去掉,剩下的词能还原成完整句子 → 是强调句。
It was in Beijing that I met her. → 去掉后:I met her in Beijing ✅ → 强调句。
强调谓语动词用 do/does/did + 原形:I did tell you the truth. 我真的告诉过你。

四级写作三大保险句型:① Only in this way can we…(只有这样我们才能)② It is … that …(强调)③ Not only … but also …(倒装版加分)—— 倒装与强调句用对一处,作文档次立刻不同。

✏️ 第 15 章小试牛刀

Everyone ______(have)his own dream.
查看答案
has。everyone 永远接单数动词。
Either you or he ______(be)to blame for the mistake.
查看答案
is。either…or 就近原则,跟最近的主语 he。
改错:A number of students is playing on the playground.
查看答案
✅ A number of students are playing…"许多学生"用复数动词;the number of 才用单数。
改错:Five years are a long time.
查看答案
✅ Five years is a long time. 时间段作整体看,单数。
改错:Here comes he!
查看答案
✅ Here he comes! 主语是代词时不倒装。
把 I have never seen such a wonderful film. 改成以 Never 开头的倒装句。
查看答案
Never have I seen such a wonderful film. 否定词开头 → 部分倒装(把 have 提到主语前)。
It was at 8 o'clock that the meeting began. 是强调句吗?
查看答案
是。去掉 It was…that 后,The meeting began at 8 o'clock 仍是完整句子。

PART 4 · 考前冲刺 🚑第 16–17 章:高频错误集中扫雷 + 21 天通关计划。考前一周,把急救包过三遍。

16四级易错急救包:32 个"送分变送命"点考前必过三遍

💡 用法:先遮住"正确句",自己改错,再对答案。现在还错的,在旁边做记号,考前只看你打过记号的。

🅰 时态类(10 个)

❌ I have seen this film last week.

✅ I saw this film last week.

last week / ago / yesterday 是明确过去时间,禁配现在完成时。

❌ If it will rain tomorrow, we will stay home.

✅ If it rains tomorrow, we will stay home.

主将从现:if / when / as soon as 从句用一般现在时表将来。

❌ He has joined the army for five years.

✅ He has been in the army for five years.

join / buy / die / leave 是非延续动词,不能接 for / since 时间段。

❌ She has gone to Paris twice.

✅ She has been to Paris twice.

have been to 去过(已回);have gone to 去了(人还没回来,无法"两次")。

❌ I am knowing the answer.

✅ I know the answer.

know / like / want / believe / belong 等状态动词不用进行时。

❌ By the time he arrived, the meeting began.

✅ By the time he arrived, the meeting had begun.

"到达"是过去参照点,"开会"更早 → 过去完成时。

❌ He said he will come the next day.

✅ He said he would come the next day.

主句过去时,宾语从句时态跟着退一步(时态呼应)。

❌ Did you went there yesterday?

✅ Did you go there yesterday?

did 已承担"过去",后面的动词用原形;过去标志只用一次。

❌ I used to getting up late.

✅ I used to get up late.(过去常常)
✅ I am used to getting up late.(现在习惯于)

used to do 过去常常;be used to doing 习惯于(to 是介词)。

❌ Look! The bus leaves. Hurry up!

✅ Look! The bus is leaving. Hurry up!

Look! / Listen! 是现在进行时的信号词。

🅱 从句类(6 个)

❌ Do you know where is the nearest bank?

✅ Do you know where the nearest bank is?

从句一律用陈述语序(主语在前,动词在后)。

❌ Although he is rich, but he is not happy.

✅ Although he is rich, he is not happy.

although 和 but 只能二选一(同理 because 和 so)。

❌ This is the house which I lived ten years ago.

✅ This is the house where I lived ten years ago.

lived 完整不缺宾语,缺地点状语 → where(或 which/that I lived in)。

❌ This is the best film which I have ever seen.

✅ This is the best film that I have ever seen.

先行词被最高级 / 序数词 / the only 修饰时,关系词用 that。

❌ I will call you as soon as he will come back.

✅ I will call you as soon as he comes back.

又是"主将从现",时间从句用一般现在时。

❌ The news which he won the game excited us.

✅ The news that he won the game excited us.

从句完整、解释 news 的内容 → 同位语从句用 that(不可省、不用 which)。

🅲 非谓语类(6 个)

❌ I'm looking forward to hear from you.

✅ I'm looking forward to hearing from you.

这里的 to 是介词,后面接 doing(写作超高频!)。

❌ She suggested to go to the beach.

✅ She suggested going to the beach.

suggest / enjoy / finish / avoid / practice / mind 接 doing。

❌ Walking in the street, a car hit me.

✅ Walking in the street, I was hit by a car.

悬垂结构:非谓语的逻辑主语必须是主句主语(车不会散步)。

❌ He made me to laugh.

✅ He made me laugh.

make / let / have + 宾语 + 动词原形(但变被动后 to 要还原)。

❌ I'm busy to prepare for the exam.

✅ I'm busy preparing for the exam.

be busy (in) doing;同类 have trouble (in) doing / spend time doing。

❌ I remember to meet her in 2019.

✅ I remember meeting her in 2019.

记得"做过"(已发生)用 remember doing;记得"要做"才用 to do。

🅳 冠词·介词类(5 个)

❌ He is playing the basketball.

✅ He is playing basketball.(对比:play the piano)

球类运动零冠词;乐器要加 the。

❌ We will meet in Monday morning.

✅ We will meet on Monday morning.

具体某天的早中晚用 on;泛指早中晚才用 in。

❌ We discussed about the plan.

✅ We discussed the plan.

discuss / enter / marry / reach / attend 及物,不加介词。

❌ She is good in English.

✅ She is good at English.

固定搭配 be good at;同类 be interested in / be afraid of。

❌ He reached to Beijing at last.

✅ He reached Beijing at last. / arrived in Beijing.

reach 及物直接接宾语;arrive 才需要介词(大地方 in,小地方 at)。

🅴 一致性·其他类(5 个)

❌ Everyone have their own dreams.

✅ Everyone has his own dream.

everyone / everybody / nobody / each 接单数动词。

❌ The number of students are increasing.

✅ The number of students is increasing.

the number of(……的数量)单数;a number of(许多)才配复数。

❌ This room is more bigger than that one.

✅ This room is much bigger than that one.

比较级不能再加 more;very 也不能修饰比较级,要用 much / far / even。

❌ Ten years are a long time.

✅ Ten years is a long time.

时间、金钱、距离作整体 → 单数动词。

❌ You mustn't hurry. There is plenty of time.

✅ You needn't hurry. There is plenty of time.

mustn't = 禁止;"不必"是 needn't / don't have to。

17一页纸语法地图 + 21 天通关计划照着执行就行

17.1 全书浓缩成一页(考前最后看这个)

句子观:句子 = 主谓骨架 + 定状装饰;一个简单句只有一个谓语动词,多出来的动词戴帽子(to do / doing / done)或进从句。
五大句型:主谓 / 主谓宾 / 主系表 / 主谓双宾 / 主谓宾补——长难句剥掉装饰就是其中之一。
时态观:时态 = 时间 × 状态。9 个核心时态,每个都是时间轴上的一幅画:信号词直接决定时态(yesterday→did;since→have done;now→be doing;tomorrow→will)。
被动语态:be + done,be 扛时态、done 不动;不及物动词没有被动。
情态动词:后接原形;+ have done 推测过去(must have 一定做了 / can't have 不可能 / should have 本应该)。
非谓语:to do 目的将来 / doing 主动进行 / done 被动完成;看主句主语和它的主被动关系来选。
三大从句:定语从句当形容词(关系词=连接+指代+成分);名词性从句当名词(必须陈述语序!);状语从句当副词(主将从现!because/so、although/but 不共存)。
虚拟语气:与事实相反,动词退一步(现在→过去式;过去→had done);suggest 建议 +(should) do。
一致性:everyone 单数;either…or 就近;with/as well as 就远;the number of 单数;a number of 复数;十年五美元整体单数。
倒装强调:否定词、only+状语开头 → 部分倒装;It is…that 强调句(去掉后句子仍完整);Only in this way can we… 写作万能。

17.2 21 天通关计划表

阶段	天数	学习任务	当口过关标准
第 1 周打地基	Day 1–2	第 1–2 章:词性、成分、五大句型	能拆出任意简单句的主谓宾
第 1 周打地基	Day 3–5	第 3–7 章:名词冠词 → 代词形副 → 介词(每天约 2 章)	不规则名词、比较级变化表默写过关
第 1 周	Day 6–7	第 8 章动词变形 + 前面错题重做	40 个不规则动词 10 分钟默完
第 2 周时态攻坚 (最重要)	Day 8–9	第 9 章前半:一般现在 / 过去 / 将来 / 两种进行	5 张时间轴能默画 3 张
	Day 10–11	第 9 章后半:三种完成时 + 决策树 + 8 张对比卡	不看答案说出"现在完成 vs 一般过去"区别
	Day 12–14	第 10 章被动 + 第 11 章情态 + 时态综合自测	第 9 章小测全对
第 3 周高阶+实战	Day 15–16	第 12 章非谓语(决策树 + to 是介词的清单)	doing/done 判断 10 题全对
	Day 17–18	第 13 章三大从句 + 用四步法解剖 2 个真题长难句	能独立拆一篇阅读的首句
	Day 19–20	第 14 章虚拟 + 第 15 章一致倒装强调	if 三件套默写;写作句型各造 1 句
	Day 21	第 16 章急救包 32 条大扫雷 + 全书小测重做	带记号的错点全部清零

💡 每天 30 分钟黄金配比:15 分钟学新内容 → 10 分钟重做昨天的错题 → 5 分钟把当天的公式框抄一遍。抄写公式框是防遗忘的核心动作。

17.3 通关之后:语法怎样才不会"退回去"?

在翻译里用:每天练 2 句四级真题翻译,写完用「第 1.4 节数动词法」自检。
在阅读里认:每周精读 1 篇四级阅读,用「13.4 四步解剖法」拆 3 个长难句。
在写作里验:每月写 1 篇作文,刻意用上:从句、非谓语、倒装/强调句各一处。
定期回访:第 9 章(时态)和第 12、13 章(非谓语/从句)每两周回看一次对比卡——这三章是记忆的"重灾区",也是四级语法的全部命脉。

最后送你一句话:语法的尽头不是背诵,而是条件反射。当看到 since 2020 就手痒写 have done 时,你就再也不需要这份教程了。加油!🎓